Neural crest cells have been thought to originate in the ectoderm, the outermost of the three germ layers formed in the earliest stages of embryonic development. But their capacity to form derivatives ...

How does the “body” take shape? The body of animals is highly complex, containing distinct regions that carry out specific functions. As the body forms during embryogenesis, three germ layers are ...

A mature cell of one type can be turned into a mature cell of another type without the cell having to pass through an earlier stage of development. This is called direct reprogramming, a reliable but ...